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Hermann-Friedrich Joppien

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Hermann-Friedrich Joppien
Joppien in France, 1940
Born(1912-07-19)19 July 1912
Bochum
Died25 August 1941(1941-08-25) (aged 29)
near Yelnya, southwest of Bryansk
Allegiance Weimar Republic (to 1933)
 Nazi Germany
Service / branch Reichsheer (1931–35)
 Luftwaffe (1935–41)
Years of service1931–1941
RankHauptmann (Captain)
UnitJG 51
Commands1./JG 51, I./JG 51
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Hermann-Friedrich Joppien (19 July 1912 – 25 August 1941) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace who claimed 70 enemy aircraft shot down in roughly 270 combat missions. He claimed 42 victories over the Western Front, of which 23 were Supermarine Spitfires, the remaining victories were recorded over the Eastern Front.

Born in Bochum, Joppien volunteered for military service, at first with the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic and later with the Luftwaffe of Nazy Germany. He was posted to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) in 1939 and fought in the Battle of France and Britain on the Western Front. In October 1940 he was given command of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 51. On account of his 40th aerial victory claimed, he was awarded Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. It was Germany's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Joppien.[Note 1] Fighting on the Eastern Front, he was killed in action with Soviet fighters on 25 August 1941.

Early life and career

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Joppien was born on 19 July 1912 in Bochum in the Province of Westphalia, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia.[2] His father was a laborer and when he found new work in 1917, the family moved to Hersfeld. After Joppien completed his schooling, he received a vocational education and learned the trade of a typesetter in a printing firm. In October 1931, Joppien joined the military service with Infanterie-Regiment 15 (15th Infantry Regiment) of the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic in Gießen. There he was promoted to Unteroffizier (corporal) in 1933.[3][4]

In parallel to his military service at Gießen, Joppien was very much interested and involved in glider construction and glider flight. His transfer to the Luftwaffe was somewhat delayed as Joppien had been tasked with the training of new officer recruits. On 15 October 1935, his transfer to the Luftwaffe was finally authorized. Until Christmas 1935, he had logged 100 solo flights and in June 1936 he became a flight instructor. He was promoted to Unterfeldwebel (junior non-commissioned officer) on 1 October 1936, to Feldwebel (non-commissioned officer) on 1 February 1937, and to Oberfeldwebel (staff sergeant) on 1 July 1937.[3]

He was then selected for officer training and posted to a Kriegsschule (war school). Graduating among the top of his class of 130 students, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 23 December 1938. Initially serving as a pilot and Staffeloffizier (squadron officer) in Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing),[Note 2] named after the after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1939. He then held the position of Technischer Offizier (technical officer) with Stab of Jagdgruppe 176 (176th Fighter Group), which was formed from the II. Gruppe (2nd Group) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing).[4][5] In mid 1939, Joppien was posted to the 1. Staffel (1st Squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing).[3][4]

World War II

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World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 23 November 1939, on the Western Front, Joppien claimed his first victory, an Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 of GC III/7, piloted by Sergent (Sergeant) Guillaume who crash landed at Heillecourt where the aircraft completely burned out. During the encounter, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 was damaged by enemy fire resulting in undercarriage failure on landing. His aircraft overturned, fortunately for Joppien, he escaped unhurt.[4][6] For this achievement, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 13 December 1939.[3]

Battle of France and Britain

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The Battle of France, the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, began on 10 May 1940. During this campaign, Joppien was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 10 June 1940.[3] By 25 June 1940, the date which marked the end of the French campaign, he claimed three further victories, which brought his total to four aerial victories.[2] On 10 June, I. Gruppe was ordered to Jever Airfield and to Leeuwarden Airfield on 21 June. The Gruppe was then ordered to Saint-Inglevert Airfield on 12 July and participated in the Battle of Britain against the Royal Air Force (RAF).[7]

On 5 August 1940, Joppien became Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of JG 51. He succeeded Hauptmann Douglas Pitcairn who was injured in a takeoff accident that day.[8] He claimed his first aerial victory as a Staffelkapitän on 11 August. That day, the Gruppe encountered RAF Supermarine Spitfire fighters off of Dover.[9] During these battles, after 21 aerial victories claimed, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 16 September 1940.[10] Two days later, he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain).[3]

He accumulated further victories against the RAF and on account of his 40th victory achieved on 21 April was honorably mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht propaganda radio report, the first of three such mentions, on 22 April.[11] The next day, he was the 11th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht honored with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) which was presented to him by Adolf Hitler.[3][10] On 18 October, Joppien was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 51. He succeeded Oberleutnant Richard Leppla who had temporarily led the Gruppe after its former commander, Hauptmann Hans-Heinrich Brustellin had taken been transferred.[12] The Gruppe was withdrawn from operations at the English Channel on 25 May 1941 and relocated to Krefeld Airfield for a short period of maintenance and overhaul.[13]

Operation Barbarossa and death

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In June 1941, JG 51 and the majority of the Luftwaffe were transferred to the Eastern Front in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. There, on 30 June 1941, he shot down five Soviet bombers near Bobruysk in eastern Belarus, his aerial victories 47–51. This "ace-in-a-day" achievement earned him his second mention in the Wehrmachtbericht on 1 July 1941.[11] On 5 July 1941, he was wounded following his 58th victory claimed and spent several weeks in convalescence.[2]

On 25 August 1941, Joppien and his wingman, Leutnant Erwin Fleig, engaged in combat with Soviet fighters and bombers near Yelnya, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Krasnovichsky Selsoviet of Unechsky District of Bryansk Oblast, 20 kilometers (12 miles) southwest of Bryansk. In the subsequent action Joppien was shot down and killed in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 9670—factory number) "Black" by a Soviet Polikarpov I-16 fighter.[2][14] Fleig later gave to protocol that he and Joppien had attacked three Petlyakov Pe-2 bombers, escorted by three I-16 fighter aircraft, at an altitude of 600–700 meters (2,000–2,300 feet). Fleig saw that Joppien had attacked a Pe-2 bomber, which trailing smoke, was going down. Fleig then observed Joppien's Bf 109 making a sharp right turn and crashed into the ground. By this date, Joppien had shot down 70 enemy aircraft claimed in roughly 270 combat missions. The Wehrmachtbericht announced his death on 29 August 1941.[15] Following his death, command of I. Gruppe went to Hauptmann Wilhelm Hachfeld who had previously commanded 2. Staffel.[16]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Joppien was credited with 70 aerial victories.[17] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 59 confirmed aerial victory claims, plus eleven further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 32 aerial victories on the Western Front and 27 on the Eastern Front.[18]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Joppien an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Joppien did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[19]
"Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1 23 November 1939 15:30 M.S.406 Zweibrücken[20]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[19]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
2 23 May 1940 16:28 D.520 Béthune[21] 4 6 June 1940 17:12 LeO 451 Ham[21]
3 5 June 1940 14:42 MB.152?[Note 3] Bréteuil[21]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[19]
At the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 21 June 1941
5 29 July 1940 08:25 Spitfire Dover[22] 12 31 August 1940 14:16 Spitfire[23]
6 29 July 1940 08:28 Spitfire Dover[22]
—
 6 September 1940
—
 Spitfire[24]
—
 29 July 1940
—
 Spitfire Dover[22]
—
 9 September 1940
—
 Hurricane[24]
7 11 August 1940 15:13 Spitfire[22]
—
 9 September 1940
—
 Hurricane[24]
8 15 August 1940 16:05 Hurricane[23] 13 11 September 1940 16:50 Spitfire[24]
—
 15 August 1940
—
 Hurricane[23] 14 11 September 1940 17:10 Spitfire[24]?[Note 4]
9 24 August 1940 14:09 Spitfire[23] 15 15 September 1940 12:40 Spitfire[24]
10 29 August 1940 20:09?[Note 5] Spitfire[23]
—
 15 September 1940
—
 Spitfire[24]
11 31 August 1940 14:10 Spitfire[23]
—
 27 September 1940
—
 Hurricane[24]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[19]
At the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 21 June 1941
—
 29 October 1940
—
 Hurricane[24] 23 3 March 1941 17:02 Spitfire south of Ashford[24]
16 8 November 1940 12:20 Hurricane[24] 24 3 March 1941 17:13 Spitfire Folkestone[24]
—
 11 November 1940
—
 Spitfire[24] 25 12 March 1941 19:27 Spitfire Dungeness[25]
—
 11 November 1940
—
 Spitfire[24] 26 18 March 1941 12:28 Hurricane Lewes[25]
5 km (3.1 mi) south of Lewes
17 14 November 1940 12:25 Spitfire Dungeness[24]?[Note 6] 27 15 April 1941 12:33?[Note 7] Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Dungeness[25]
18 1 December 1940 11:40 Spitfire[24] vicinity of Hollingbourne 28 16 April 1941 18:30 Hurricane 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Dungeness[25]
19 1 December 1940 15:16 Hurricane Ashford[24]
vicinity of Hollingbourne 		29 20 April 1941 12:12 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) north of Cap Gris-Nez[25]
20 5 December 1940 15:47 Spitfire[24] north of Rye 30 21 April 1941 20:10 Hurricane northwest of Ashford[25]
21 26 February 1941 18:05 Hurricane southeast of Ashford[24] 31 8 May 1941 18:02 Hurricane Folkestone[25]
22 26 February 1941 18:07 Hurricane southeast of Ashford[24] 32 8 May 1941 18:03 Hurricane northeast of Dungeness[25]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[18]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 25 August 1941
33 25 June 1941 12:32 SB-2[26]
—
 3 July 1941
—
 SB-2[27]
34 25 June 1941 12:35 SB-2[26] 47 5 July 1941 19:40 DB-3[28]
35 25 June 1941 12:36 SB-2[26] 48 24 July 1941 14:55 SB-2[29]
36 29 June 1941 19:48 Skua[26] 49 24 July 1941 14:58 SB-2 south of Propoysk[29]
37♠ 30 June 1941 13:15 bomber[26] vicinity of Bobruysk 50 24 July 1941 14:59 SB-2 south of Propoysk[29]
38♠ 30 June 1941 14:50 SB-2[26] vicinity of Bobruysk 51 28 July 1941 17:20 I-18 (MiG-1)[30]
39♠ 30 June 1941 16:25 bomber[26] vicinity of Bobruysk 52 28 July 1941 18:40 I-16[30]
40♠ 30 June 1941 16:27 unknown[26] vicinity of Bobruysk 53 15 August 1941 10:04 I-61 (MiG-3)[30]
41♠ 30 June 1941 18:58 SB-2 25 km (16 mi) east of Bobruysk[26] 54 21 August 1941 13:11 I-61 (MiG-3)[30]
42 2 July 1941 12:55 SB-2[27] 55 22 August 1941 11:50 DB-3[30]
43 2 July 1941 15:30 SB-2[27] 56 22 August 1941 11:52 DB-3[30]
44 2 July 1941 15:31 SB-2[27] 57 24 August 1941 09:55 R-3[30]?[Note 8]
45 2 July 1941 15:32 SB-2[27] 58 24 August 1941 16:10 I-18 (MiG-1)[30]
46 3 July 1941 16:47 SB-2[27] 59 25 August 1941 12:19 I-61 (MiG-3) 18 km (11 mi) southwest of Bryansk[30]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Until late September 1941, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves was second only to the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), which was awarded only to senior commanders for winning a major battle or campaign, in the military order of Nazi Germany. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves as highest military order was surpassed on 28 September 1941 by the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern).[1]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Bristol Blenheim.[19]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Hawker Hurricane.[19]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 20:08.[19]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at Kenley.[19]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:30.[19]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin Il-2.[31]
  9. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the I./Jagdgeschwader 51.[34] According to Von Seemen as Staffelkapitän in the I./Jagdgeschwader 51.[35]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Williamson & Bujeiro 2004, pp. 3, 7.
  2. ^ a b c d Obermaier 1989, p. 45.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Stockert 2012, p. 97.
  4. ^ a b c d Goss 2018, p. 101.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 546.
  6. ^ Shores, Foreman & Ehrengardt 1992, p. 116.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 17.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 28, 39.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 17, 33.
  10. ^ a b Goss 2018, p. 102.
  11. ^ a b Aders & Held 1993, p. 271.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 28.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 26.
  14. ^ Weal 2006, pp. 67–68.
  15. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 272.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 243.
  17. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1616.
  18. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 588–589.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 588.
  20. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 276.
  21. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2001b, p. 274.
  22. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2002, p. 33.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2002, p. 34.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Prien et al. 2002, p. 35.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2002, p. 38.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2003, p. 248.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 250.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 251.
  29. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 252.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2003, p. 253.
  31. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 589.
  32. ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 331.
  33. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 245.
  34. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 423.
  35. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 182.
  36. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 54.
  37. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 25.
  38. ^ Aders & Held 1993, pp. 271–272.

Bibliography

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  • Aders, Gebhard; Held, Werner (1993). Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders' Eine Chronik – Berichte – Erlebnisse – Dokumente [Fighter Wing 51 'Mölders' A Chronicle - Reports - Experiences - Documents] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01045-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Goss, Chris (2018). Knights of the Battle of Britain — Luftwaffe Aircrew Awarded the Knight's Cross in 1940. Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52672-651-3.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Foreman, John; Ehrengardt, Chris (1992). Fledgling eagles. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-42-7.
  • Stockert, Peter (2012) [1996]. Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1] (in German) (4th ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-9802222-7-3.
  • Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
  • Von Seemen, Gerhard (1976). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 : die Ritterkreuzträger sämtlicher Wehrmachtteile, Brillanten-, Schwerter- und Eichenlaubträger in der Reihenfolge der Verleihung : Anhang mit Verleihungsbestimmungen und weiteren Angaben [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 : The Knight's Cross Bearers of All the Armed Services, Diamonds, Swords and Oak Leaves Bearers in the Order of Presentation: Appendix with Further Information and Presentation Requirements] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7909-0051-4.
  • Weal, John (2006). Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders'. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 22. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-045-1.
  • Williamson, Gordon; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2004). Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves Recipients 1939–40. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-641-6.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
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